Measurement of steam quality using multiple broadband lasers

ABSTRACT

Determination of steam quality by passing one or more laser beams through steam in a steam chamber and directly determining a total number of vapor molecules and a total number of water molecules based on absorption of radiation in the one or more laser beams by the water vapor phase and the liquid water phase in the steam. Specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquid water phase in the steam using the total numbers of water vapor and liquid water molecules are determined and the quality of the steam is calculated based on the specific volumes of the water vapor phase and the liquid water phase in steam. One embodiment comprises a narrow linewidth laser for measuring steam quality and another embodiment comprises multiple broadband lasers for measuring steam quality.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to production of steam, and more particularly,relates to measuring steam quality.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Steam is used in many industrial applications such as heating and powerconversion. Under some circumstances, steam includes a water vaporphase, which is gaseous water, and a liquid water phase, which is smalldroplets of water suspended in the water vapor phase. The amount ofliquid water phase relative to the water vapor phase is also called the“wetness factor” or “steam quality” and affects performance of steam insome applications.

For example, steam quality affects performance of steam turbinegenerators. Specifically, turbine blade performance affects steamturbine generator performance. The thermodynamic and aerodynamicperformance of turbine blades are determined in part by the surfacefinish and shape of the blades which can be affected by steam quality. Asteam turbine operating in wet steam conditions has lower thermodynamicefficiency then when operating in dry steam. According to “Baumann'sRule,” an increase in steam wetness decreases turbine efficiency. Waterdroplets from the liquid water phase of steam impact the surface ofturbine blades at a high velocity and corrode the blades. Corrosion ofturbine blades result in thermodynamic and aerodynamic losses in turbineoperation and reduces power output of the steam turbine generator.

Accordingly, it is desirable to be able to measure the quality of steambeing used to drive a steam turbine generator as the steam turbinegenerator is operating. Methods for measuring steam quality exist. Onemethod includes measuring the temperature of wet steam with calorimetersand measuring pressure of the wet steam with pressure gauges. Specificvolumes of liquid water and water vapor are determined from steam tablesand the steam quality is calculated from those specific volumes.

Therefore, there is a need for an effective and economical apparatus andmethod for directly measuring steam quality while steam is being used inapplications such as in a steam turbine generator.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention addresses the above described need by providing a methodand apparatus for directly measuring a total number of steam moleculesand a total number of water molecules in steam using one or more laserbeams passing through the steam, determining specific volumes of watervapor phase and liquid water phase in the steam using the total numbersof water vapor and liquid water molecules, and calculating the qualityof the steam based on the specific volumes of the water vapor phase andliquid water phase in the steam. Such a direct measurement of steamquality is quick, economical, and non-invasive.

According to one embodiment of this invention, a method for determiningsteam quality is provided comprising the steps of frequency-scanning alaser beam emitted from a narrow linewidth laser along a path throughsteam in a steam chamber to excite a molecular transition in the steamwhich has a water vapor phase and a liquid water phase, determining atotal number of water vapor molecules in the path of the laser beambased on a normalized peak absorption amplitude of the water vapor phaseas the laser beam passes through the steam, determining a total numberof liquid water molecules in the laser beam path based on a shift on adc level of a peak absorption amplitude of the water vapor phase from adc level of a reference peak absorption amplitude, determining specificvolumes of the water vapor phase and the liquid water phase in the steamusing the total numbers of water vapor and liquid water molecules, andcalculating the quality of the steam based on the specific volumes ofwater vapor phase and liquid water phase in the steam. This embodimentis capable of directly measuring the steam quality with only a singlenarrow linewidth laser.

Accordingly to another embodiment of this invention, a system fordetermining steam quality is provided comprising a chamber forcontaining steam having a water vapor phase and a liquid water phase, anarrow linewidth laser operatively associated with the chamber forfrequency-scanning a laser beam along a path through the steam to excitea molecular transition in the steam, and a device for measuring peakabsorption amplitude of the water vapor phase as the laser beam passesthrough the steam and a shift in dc level of peak absorption amplitudeof the water vapor phase from a dc level of a reference peak absorptionamplitude. This embodiment is capable of directly measuring steamquality with a single narrow linewidth laser.

According to still another embodiment of this invention, a method fordetermining steam quality is provided comprising passing a first laserbeam at a first wave length emitted from a first broadband laser along apath through steam in a steam chamber, the steam having a water vaporphase and a liquid water phase, and passing a first laser beam at asecond wave length emitted from a second broadband laser along a paththrough the steam in the steam chamber. The first wavelength of thefirst laser beam is such that the water vapor phase absorbs radiation inthe first laser beam at a high level and the liquid water phase absorbsradiation in the first laser beam at a level substantially lower thanthe high level of absorption of absorption by the water vapor phase. Thesecond wavelength of the second laser beam is different from the firstlength and is such that the liquid water phase absorbs radiation in thesecond laser beam at a high level and the water vapor phase absorbsradiation in the second laser beam at a level substantially lower thanthe high level of absorption by the liquid water phase. The method ofthis embodiment further comprises measuring the transmitted intensity ofthe first laser beam through the steam, measuring the transmittedintensity of the second laser beam through the steam, and normalizingthe transmitted intensities of the first and second laser beams throughthe steam. Furthermore, the method of this embodiment comprises usingBeer Lambert's law to determine the total number of water vapormolecules in the path of the first laser beam based on the normalizedtransmitted intensity of the first laser beam through the steam anddetermining a total number of liquid water molecules in the path of thesecond laser beam based on the normalized transmitted intensity of thesecond laser beam through the steam. In addition, the method of thisembodiment comprises determining specific volumes of the water vaporphase and the liquid water phase in the steam using the total numbers ofwater vapor and liquid water molecules and calculating quality of thesteam based on the specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquidwater phase in the steam.

According to yet another embodiment of this invention, a system fordetermining steam quality is provided comprising a chamber forcontaining steam having a water vapor phase and a liquid water phase, afirst broadband laser operatively associated with the chamber forpassing a first laser beam at a first wavelength along a path throughsteam in the steam chamber, a second broadband laser operativelyassociated with the chamber for passing a second laser beam at a secondwavelength along a path through steam in the steam chamber, a firstphotodetector for measuring the transmitted intensity of the first laserbeam through the steam, and second photodetector for measuring thetransmitted power of the second laser beam through the steam. The firstwavelength of the first broadband laser is such that the water vaporphase absorbs radiation in the first laser beam at a high level and theliquid water phase absorbs radiation in the first laser beam at a levelsubstantially lower than the high level of absorption by the water vaporphase, and the second wavelength of the second broadband laser isdifferent from the first wavelength and is such that the liquid waterphase absorbs radiation in the second laser beam at a high level and thewater vapor phase absorbs radiation in the second laser beam at a levelsubstantially lower than the high level of absorption of the liquidwater phase.

Other features of embodiments of this invention will be appreciated fromthe following detail description of embodiments, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for measuring steam qualitywith a single narrow linewidth tunable diode laser in a accordance withan embodiment of this invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the transmitted intensity of a narrow linewidthlaser beam versus wavelength of the laser beam through steam and ambientair.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a steam quality measurement systemusing multiple broadband lasers in accordance with another embodiment ofthis invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As summarized above, this invention encompasses methods and systems formeasuring system quality. In particular, this invention encompasses amethod for determining steam quality comprising passing one or morelaser beams along a path through steam in a steam chamber. As explainedabove, steam typically includes a water vapor phase, which is gaseouswater, and a liquid water phase, which is small droplets of waterdispersed in the water vapor. The ratio of liquid water to water vaporin steam is a measure of steam quality.

As will be illustrated by the equations explained below, steam qualitycan be determined by direct measurements of laser radiation absorptionby the water vapor phase and liquid water phase of steam. The watervapor and liquid water phase of steam have very different absorptionproperties. The water vapor absorption spectrum consists of narrowlinewidth molecular roto-vibrational transitions, but liquid water has amuch broader absorption spectrum. Thus, a sufficiently narrow linewidthexcitation source excites a molecular transition in steam, but theabsorption due to liquid water does affect the amplitude of the watervapor absorption peak. Instead, the absorption due to liquid water inthe steam merely causes an offset in the baseline of the water vaporabsorption peak. The amplitude of the peak and shift in baseline is usedto determine absorption of laser beam radiation by water vapor andliquid water as will be explained in more detail as follows.

The molecular density in vapor (or liquid) phase is calculated usingBeer-Lambert's relation given as:

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{I}{I_{O}} = {\exp\left( {{- {S_{\eta^{*}\eta^{\prime}}(T)}}{f\left( {v,v_{O},T,P} \right)}N_{i}L} \right)}} & (1)\end{matrix}$where, I₀ is the reference intensity, I is the transmitted intensity,S_(η″η′) (T) is the line strength, f (v, v₀, T, P) is the line shapefunction, N_(i) is the molecular density and L is the path length of thebeam. The line strength and the line shape functions of the laserradiation are dependent on the temperature and pressure, which is welldocumented in literature.From equation 1, the molecular density can be written as:

$\begin{matrix}{N_{i} = \frac{\ln\left( \frac{I_{O}}{I} \right)}{{S_{\eta^{*}\eta^{\prime}}(T)}{\int_{v\; 1}^{v\; 2}{{f\left( {v,v_{O},T,P} \right)}L}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The above equation indicates that the molecular density is a function ofreference and transmitted intensity. Using the above equation (2), thespecific volume can be calculated as:

$\begin{matrix}{{v = {N_{av}/\left( {N_{i}*{MW}_{H_{2}O}} \right)}},} & (3)\end{matrix}$where N_(i)=N_(WV)+N_(LW), N_(WV) and N_(LW) being the number ofmolecules of water vapor and liquid water respectively, they beingcalculated individually from Eq. 2, and N_(av) is Avogadro's number.

For a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, such as steam often is, the ratioof the mass of vapor present to the total mass of the mixture is itsquality. Hence, steam quality is defined as

$\begin{matrix}{X = \frac{m_{Vapor}}{m_{Liquid} + m_{Vapor}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

The value of quality ranges from zero to unity: at saturated liquidstates, X=0, and at saturated vapor states, X=1.0. Although defined as aratio, the quality is frequently given as a percentage.

The total volume of the mixture is the sum of the volumes of the liquidand vapor phasesV=V _(Liquid) +V _(Vapor)   (5)Dividing the above equation by the total mass of the mixture, m, anaverage specific volume for the mixture is obtained

$\begin{matrix}{v = {\frac{V}{m} = {\frac{V_{Liquid}}{m} + \frac{V_{Vapor}}{m}}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$As the liquid phase is a saturated liquid and the vapor phase is asaturated vapor, thereforeV _(Liquid) =m _(Liquid) ν _(L) and V _(Vapor) =m _(Vapor) ν _(V)Replacing the above relations in equation (6), we get

$\begin{matrix}{v = {{\left( \frac{m_{Liquidd}}{m} \right)v_{L}} + {\left( \frac{m_{Vapor}}{m} \right)v_{V}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$Replacing the above equation with the definition of quality (X) as givenin equation (4), we haveν=ν_(L) +X(ν_(V)−ν_(L))   (8)Transforming the above equation, the quality is given as

$\begin{matrix}{X = \frac{v - v_{L}}{v_{V} - v_{L}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

Therefore, where steam exists as a two phase system at constantpressure, the steam quality value is given by equation (9).

Introducing the definition of specific volume using optical measurementfrom equation (3), we have steam quality defined as,

$\begin{matrix}{X = \frac{\left\lbrack \frac{N_{av}}{\left( {N_{i}*{MW}_{H_{2}O}} \right)} \right\rbrack - v_{L}}{v_{V} - v_{L}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

From the above equation (10), it can be seen that the knowledge ofspecific volume of saturated liquid and specific volume of saturatedvapor which is uniquely determined by the state conditions pressure (P)and temperature (T), and the average specific volume determined throughthe optical absorption technique gives the steam quality value for thetwo phase system.

Turning to FIG. 1, a single narrow linewidth laser steam qualitymeasurement system 10 in accordance with an embodiment of this inventionis illustrated. This steam quality measurement system 10 is operativelyassociated with a steam chamber 12 which can be a pipe or other steamconduit or housing that confines steam. This embodiment is particularlysuitable for measuring steam quality of steam used in steam turbinegenerators. Thus, the steam chamber 12 can suitably be a steam chamberoperatively associated with a steam turbine generator.

The steam chamber 12 includes a pair of glass windows 14 opposed to oneanother on opposite sides of steam chamber 12. In preferred embodiments,the windows 14 are of a type suitable for withstanding high temperaturesand pressures experienced in a steam chamber. The windows 14 arepositioned so that a laser beam can pass in a straight line from onewindow to the next and through the steam in between. Although not shownin FIG. 1, the steam quality measurement system 10 can further comprisea heater for heating the windows 14 sufficiently to reduce condensationof steam on the windows so that the condensation on the windows does notinterfere with a laser beam passing through. Preferably, the windows 14are heated to about 130° C. using heating tapes wound around flanges ofthe windows. Preferably, the windows 14 are made of quartz glass such asBK7 quartz glass having a thickness of about 6 mm.

The steam quality measurement system 10 further comprises a narrowlinewidth laser 16 for directing a laser beam 18 through the glasswindows 14 and the steam in the steam chamber 12. The laser 16 issuitable for frequency-scanning the laser beam 18 along a path throughthe steam in the steam chamber 12 to excite a molecular transition inthe steam. The linewidth of the laser 16 corresponds to the frequencyuncertainty of the laser. Desirably, the narrow linewidth laser 16 has atuning range wavelength of 1366 nm to 1640 nm. In a preferredembodiment, the narrow linewidth laser 16 is a capable offrequency-scanning the laser beam 18 at a wavelength from 1383.8 nm to1384.2 nm to excite the two molecular transitions in steam. Desirably,the narrow linewidth laser 16 is capable of emitting a laser beam havinga linewidth of less than or equal to 0.0075 nm, more preferably lessthan or equal to 0.005 nm, and even more preferably less than or equalto 0.0001 nm. Tunable single mode diode lasers can go down to linewidthsas low as 3.2 e-6 nm. Thus, the minimum linewidth of the narrowlinewidth laser 16 is 3.2 e-6 nm. Desirably, the minimum linewidth ofthe narrow linewidth laser 16 is 0.0075 nm.

In a preferred embodiment, the narrow linewidth laser 16 is a narrowlinewidth single mode tunable diode laser, and even more particularly isa New Focus 6300 series external cavity tunable diode laser with awavelength range from 1366.68 to 1440.20 nm. The output power of such alaser varies from 9 mW at 1366.68 nm to 16 mW at 1440.2 nm. The laserhas an rms linewidth of approximately 200 kHz and the output is aGaussian TEM00 (transverse electromagnetic mode), meaning the laserradiates in a single transverse and longitudinal mode only. The laser istunable, meaning that its frequency (wavelength) can be scannedcontinuously in the aforementioned wavelength range. The laser uses aLittman-type external cavity configuration for mode-hop free scanningover the entire wavelength range specified.

In a preferred embodiment, the laser 16 is coupled with optic fibers forbeam transmission and conditioning to reduce laser beam misalignment andthe use of free space laser beams.

A beam splitter 20 is positioned between the laser 16 and the windows 14of the steam chamber 12 for splitting the laser beam 18 into a firstpart 22, which passes through the glass windows 14 and the steam in thesteam chamber, and a second part 24 which passes through ambient airoutside the steam chamber. The first part 22 of the laser beam 18 passesthrough a first spherical lens 26 after passing through the steamchamber 12 and then passes to a first photodetector 28 for measuring thetransmitted intensity (I) of the first part 22 of the laser beam 18. Thesecond part 24 of the laser beam 18 passes from the beam splitter 20 toa second spherical lens 30 and then to a second photodetector 32 formeasuring the reference intensity (I_(o)) of the laser beam 18 in theambient air outside of the steam chamber 12.

A digital oscilloscope 34 receives intensity data from the first andsecond photodetectors 28 and 32 and determines absorbance of laserradiation in the laser beam by the steam and by the ambient air todetermine a reference absorption. A computer processor receives datafrom the digital oscilloscope 34 on absorption, determines a totalnumber of water vapor molecules and liquid water molecules in the laserbeam path, determines specific volumes of the water vapor phase and theliquid water phase in the steam, and calculates the steam quality basedon the specific volumes. This is described in more detail below.

To measure the steam quality with the single laser steam qualitymeasurement system 10, the narrow linewidth laser 16 emits the laserbeam 18 and frequency-scans the laser beam at a wavelength from 1383.8to 1384.2 nm to excite two molecular transitions in the water vaporphase of the steam. The beam splitter 20 splits the laser beam 18 intothe first part 22, which passes through the windows 14 and the steam inthe steam chamber 12 and through the first spherical lens 26 to thefirst photodetector 28. The first photodetector measures the transmittedintensity (I) of the first part 22 of the laser beam 18 over the scannedwavelengths and transmits the data to the digital oscilloscope 34. Themeasurement of the transmitted intensity of the laser beam 18 throughthe steam determines a peak absorption amplitude of the water vaporphase in the steam as the laser beam passes through the steam.

The second part 24 of the laser beam 18 passes from the beam splitter 20through the second spherical lens 30 to the second photodetector 32which measures the reference intensity (I_(o)) of the second part 24 ofthe laser beam as the laser beam passes through the ambient air. Thedigital oscilloscope 34 receives this reference intensity data from thesecond photodetector 32. The reference intensity from the secondphotodetector 32 determines a reference peak absorption amplitude whichis used to normalize the peak absorption amplitude of the water vaporphase in the steam.

Furthermore, the intensity data from the first and second photodetectors28 and 32 is used to determine a dc level of the peak absorptionamplitude of the water vapor phase and the dc level of the referencepeak absorption amplitude, respectively. The dc level of the peakabsorption amplitude is then used to normalize the dc level of the peakabsorption amplitude of the water vapor phase in the steam to therebydetermine a shift in the dc level of the peak absorption amplitude ofthe water vapor phase from the dc level of the referenced peakabsorption amplitude. A computer processor 36 then determines a totalnumber of water molecules in the laser beam path through the steam basedon the shift in the dc level of the peak absorption amplitude of thewater vapor phase using Beer Lambert's law. The computer processor 36then determines specific volumes of the water vapor phase and the liquidwater phase in the steam using the total numbers of water vapor andliquid water molecules and then calculates the quality of the steambased on the specific volumes of the water vapor phase and the liquidwater phase in the steam.

FIG. 2 illustrates graphically the transmitted intensity of a laser beampassing through steam versus wavelength of the laser beam radiation. Theplot 40 of transmitted intensity of a laser beam through steam is shownalong with a plot 42 of transmitted intensity of a laser beam throughambient air. The plot 42 of transmitted intensity of a laser beamthrough ambient air serves as a reference plot. As can be seen from FIG.2, the plot 40 of the transmitted intensity of the laser beam throughsteam is shifted from the plot 42 of the transmitted intensity of thelaser beam through water vapor in the ambient air.

The single laser steam quality measurement system 10 provides forreal-time measurement of steam quality using optics and can measuresteam quality at any flow rates and is non-invasive. This embodiment isalso reasonably economical and easy to implement.

Turning to FIG. 3, a multiple laser steam quality measurement system 50is illustrated. This measurement system 50 is optically associated witha steam chamber 52 which is a pipe or other conduit or housing thatconfines steam and may advantageously be part of a steam turbinegenerator. The steam chamber 52 comprises a pair of glass windows 54mounted opposite one another for clear transmission of a laser throughthe windows and the steam in between. The type of glass for the windowsand the use of a heater (not shown) are the same as described for thesingle laser system 10 described hereinabove.

The multiple laser steam quality measurement system 50 further comprisesa first broadband laser 56 for emitting a first laser beam 58 at a firstwavelength along a path through the windows 54 and the steam in thesteam chamber. The wavelength of the first laser beam 58 should be suchthat the water vapor phase in the steam absorbs radiation in the firstlaser beam at a high level and the liquid water phase in the steamabsorbs radiation in the first laser beam at a level substantially lowerthan the high level of absorption by the water vapor phase. In aparticular embodiment, the wavelength to the first laser beam rangesfrom 900 nm to 980 nm, and in a more particular embodiment is at awavelength 945 nm.

The multiple laser steam quality measurement system 50 also comprises asecond broadband laser 60 for emitting a second laser beam 62 at asecond wavelength along a path through the windows 54 and the steam inthe steam chamber 52. The wavelength of the second laser beam 62 isdifferent from the wavelength of the first laser beam 58 and is suchthat the liquid water phase in the steam absorbs radiation in the secondlaser beam at a high level and the water vapor phase absorbs radiationin the second laser beam at a level substantially lower than the highlevel of absorption by the liquid water phase in the steam. Inparticular embodiments of the invention, the wavelength of the secondlaser beam ranges from 1300 nm to 2000 nm, and in a particularembodiment has a wavelength of 1560 nm. The linewidth of the first laserbeam 58 is desirably less than or equal to 5 nm and the linewidth of thesecond laser beam is desirably less than or equal to 15 nm. Morepreferably, the linewidth of the first laser beam 58 is less than orequal to 1 nm and the linewidth of the second laser beam 62 is less thanor equal to 3 nm. Even more preferably, the linewidth of the first laserbeam 58 is less than or equal to 0.1 nm and the linewidth of the secondlaser beam 68 is less than or equal to 0.5 nm. Broadband laserstypically have a minimum linewidth of about 0.2 nm, thus the minimumlinewidth of the first and second laser beams is about 0.2 nm.

In a preferred embodiment, the first and second broadband lasers 56 and60 are coupled with optic fibers for beam transmission and conditioningto reduce laser beam misalignment and the use of free space laser beams.

The first laser beam 58 passes from the first broadband laser 56 througha first beam splitter 64 which splits the laser beam into a first part66 and a second part 68. The first part 66 of the first laser beam 58passes from the first beam splitter 64 through the glass windows 64 andthe steam in the steam chamber 52 and thereafter through a firstspherical lens 70 to a first photodetector 72. The first photodetector72 measures the transmitted intensity (I) of the first part 66 of thefirst laser beam 58.

The second part 68 of the first laser beam 58 passes from the firstsplitter 64 through a second spherical lens 74 to a second photodetector76. The second photodetector 76 measures the reference transmittedintensity (I_(o)) of the second part 68 of the first laser beam 58 as itpasses through water vapor in the ambient air.

The second laser beam 62 passes from the second broadband laser 60through a second beam splitter 78 which splits the second laser beaminto a first part 80 and a second part 82. The first part 80 of thesecond laser beam 62 passes from the second splitter 78 through theglass windows 54 and the steam in the steam chamber 52 and thereafterthrough a third spherical lens 84 to a third photodetector 86. The thirdphotodetector 86 measures the transmitted intensity of the first part 80of the second laser beam 62. The second part 82 of the second laser beam62 passes from the second beam splitter 78 through a fourth sphericallens 88 to a fourth photodetector 90. The fourth photodetector 90measures the transmitted intensity of the second part 82 of the secondlaser beam 62 after the second part of the second laser beam passesthrough water vapor in the ambient air.

A digital oscilloscope 92 receives data from the first photodetector 72,the second photodetector 76, the third photodetector 86, and the fourthphotodetector 90. The digital oscilloscope 92 determines the absorbanceof radiation from the first and second laser beams 58 and 68 through thesteam and through the ambient air. A computer processor 94 normalizesthe transmitted powers of the first and second laser beams 58 and 62through the steam based on the transmitted powers of the first andsecond laser beams through the ambient air, determines the total numberof water vapor and liquid water molecules based on such normalizedtransmitted powers, determines specific volumes of the water vapor phaseand the liquid water phase in the steam and calculates the quality ofthe steam based on such specific volumes. This is explained in moredetail below.

To measure the steam quality using the multiple laser steam qualitymeasurement system 50, the first and second laser beams 58 and 62 areemitted from the first and second broadband lasers 56 and 60 atwavelengths of 945 nm and 1560 nm, respectively. Desirably, the firstbroadband laser 56 has a linewidth of 2 nm and a power of about 20 mWand the second broadband laser 60 has a linewidth of 10 nm and a powerof about 20 mW. The first laser beam 58 passes from the first broadbandlaser 56 through the first beam splitter 64. The first part 66 of thefirst laser beam 58 passes from the first beam splitter 64 through theglass windows 54 and the steam in the steam chamber 52 and thereafterthrough the first spherical lens 70 to the first photodetector 72. Thefirst photodetector 72 measures the transmitted intensity (I) or powerof the first part 66 of the first laser beam 62 and transmits that datato the digital oscilloscope 92 which measures the absorbance ofradiation in the first part 66 of the first laser beam 58 through thewater vapor phase in the steam. Because of the wavelength of the firstlaser beam 58, the absorbance of the radiation is primarily by the watervapor phase in the steam.

The second part 68 of the first laser beam 58 passes from the first beamsplitter 64 through the second spherical lens 74 to a secondphotodetector 76. The second part 68 of the first laser beam 58 passesthrough the ambient air outside the steam chamber 52 and the secondphotodetector 76 measures the transmitted intensity of the second part68 of the first laser beam 58. These data are transmitted to theoscilloscope 92 which determines the absorbance of radiation in thesecond part 68 of the first laser beam 58 by water vapor in the ambientair. The absorbance of water vapor in the ambient serves as a referencefor the absorbance of water vapor in the steam measured by the firstphotodetector 72 and is used to normalize the transmitted intensity orpower of the first part 66 of the first laser beam 58 through the steamin the steam chamber 52.

The second laser beam 62 is emitted from the second broadband laser 60at a wavelength of 1 560 nm and passes through the second beam splitter78. The second beam splitter 78 splits the second laser beam 62 into afirst part 80 and a second part 82. The first part 80 of the secondlaser beam 62 passes from the second splitter 78 through the glasswindows 58 and the steam in the steam chamber 52 and thereafter a thirdspherical lens 84 to a third photodetector 86. The third photodetector96 measures the transmitted intensity or power of the first part 80 ofthe second laser beam 62. These data are transmitted to the digitaloscilloscope 92 which determines the absorbance of radiation in thefirst part 80 of the second laser beam 62 by the liquid water phase ofthe steam in the steam chamber 52. Because of the wavelength of thesecond laser beam 62, this absorbance is primarily of the liquid waterphase in the steam.

The second part 82 of the second laser beam 62 passes from the secondbeam splitter 78 through the fourth spherical lens 88 to a fourthphotodetector 90 which measures the transmitted intensity or power ofthe second part 82 of the second laser beam 62 through water vapor inthe ambient air outside of the steam chamber 52. These data aretransmitted to the digital oscilloscope 92 which determines theabsorbance of the second part 82 of the second laser beam 62 by watervapor in the ambient air. This absorbance serves as a referenceabsorbance for the absorbance of the liquid water phase in the steam.This reference absorbance is used to normalize the transmitted intensityor power of the first power 80 of the laser beam 62 through the steam.

Using Beer Lambert's law, the computer processor 94 determines a totalnumber of water vapor molecules in the path of the first laser beam 58based on the normalized transmitted intensity of the first laser beamthrough the steam and determines a total number of liquid watermolecules in the path of the second laser beam 62 based on thenormalized transmitted intensity of the second beam through the steam,determines specific volumes of the water vapor phase and the liquidvapor phase in the steam using the total numbers of water vapor andliquid water molecules, and calculates the quality of the steam based onthe specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquid water phase in thesteam.

As with the previous embodiment, the multiple laser steam qualitymeasurement system 50 provides for real-time measurement of steamquality using optical techniques, can measure steam quality at any flowrate, is non-invasive, and is relatively economical.

While the invention has been described in detail with respect tospecific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilledin the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, mayreadily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents tothese embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present inventionshould be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalentsthereof.

1. Method for determining steam quality comprising the steps of: passinga first laser beam at a first wavelength emitted from a first broadbandlaser along a path through steam in a steam chamber, the steam having awater vapor phase and a liquid water phase, the first wavelength suchthat the water vapor phase absorbs radiation in the first laser beam ata high level and the liquid water phase absorbs radiation in the firstlaser beam at a level substantially lower than the high level ofabsorption by the water vapor phase; passing a second laser beam at asecond wavelength emitted from a second broadband laser along a paththrough the steam in the steam chamber, the second wavelength differentfrom the first wavelength and such that the liquid water phase absorbsradiation in the second laser beam at a high level and the water vaporphase absorbs radiation in the second laser beam at a levelsubstantially lower than the high level of absorption by the liquidwater phase; measuring the transmitted intensity of the first laser beamthrough the steam; measuring the transmitted intensity of the secondlaser beam through the steam; normalizing the transmitted intensities ofthe first and second laser beams through the steam; using Beer Lambert'slaw, determining a total number of water vapor molecules in the path ofthe first laser beam based on the normalized transmitted intensity ofthe first laser beam through the steam; using Beer Lambert's law,determining a total number of liquid water molecules in the path of thesecond laser beam based on the normalized transmitted intensity of thesecond laser beam through the steam; determining specific volumes of thewater vapor phase and the liquid water phase in the steam using thetotal numbers of water vapor and liquid water molecules; and calculatingquality of the steam based on the specific volumes of water vapor phaseand liquid water phase in the steam.
 2. Method as in claim 1 wherein thefirst laser beam has a wavelength from 900 nm to 980 nm and the secondlaser beam has a wavelength from 1300 nm to 2000 nm.
 3. Method as inclaim 1 wherein the first laser beam has a wavelength of 945 nm and thesecond laser beam has a wavelength of 1560 nm.
 4. Method as in claim 1wherein: the step of passing the first laser beam through the steamcomprises splitting the first laser beam into a first part which passesthrough the steam and a second part which is diverted along a paththrough ambient air outside of the chamber; the step of passing thesecond laser beam through the steam comprises splitting the second laserbeam into a first part which passes through the steam and a second partwhich is diverted along a path through ambient air outside of thechamber; the method further comprises the step of measuring thetransmitted intensity of the second part of the first laser beam throughthe ambient air; the method further comprises the step of measuring thetransmitted intensity of the second part of the second laser beamthrough the ambient air; the step of normalizing the transmittedintensities of the first and second laser beams through the steamcomprises normalizing the transmitted intensities of the first andsecond laser beams through the steam with respect to the measuredtransmitted intensity of the second part of the first laser beam throughthe ambient air and the measured transmitted intensity of the secondpart of the second laser beam through the ambient air, respectively. 5.Method as in claim 1 wherein the first laser beam has a linewidth ofless than or equal to 5 nm and the second laser beam has a linewidth ofless than or equal to 15 nm.
 6. Method as in claim 1 wherein the firstlaser beam has a linewidth of less than or equal to 1 um and the secondlaser beam has a linewidth of less than or equal to 3 nm.
 7. Method asin claim 1 wherein the first laser beam has a linewidth of less than orequal to 0.1 nm and the second laser beam has a linewidth of less thanor equal to 0.5 nm.
 8. Method as in claim 1 wherein the chambercomprises glass windows for transmission of the laser beam through thesteam and the method further comprises heating the glass windows toreduce steam condensation on the windows.
 9. Method as in claim 8wherein the glass windows are high-transmission quartz glass windows.10. Method as in claim 1 wherein the chamber is part of a steam turbinesystem.
 11. Method as in claim 1 wherein the first and second broadbandlasers are coupled with optic fibers for laser beam transmission andconditioning.
 12. System for determining steam quality comprising: achamber for containing steam, the steam having a water vapor phase and aliquid water phase; a first broadband laser operatively associated withthe chamber for passing a first laser beam at a first wavelength along apath through steam in the steam chamber, the first wavelength such thatthe water vapor phase absorbs radiation in the first laser beam at ahigh level and the liquid water phase absorbs radiation in the firstlaser beam at a level substantially lower than the high level ofabsorption by the water vapor phase; a second broadband laseroperatively associated with the chamber for passing a second laser beamat a second wavelength along a path through steam in the steam chamber,the second wavelength different from the first wavelength and such thatthe liquid water phase absorbs radiation in the second laser beam at ahigh level and the water vapor phase absorbs radiation in the secondlaser beam at a level substantially lower than the high level ofabsorption by the liquid water phase; a first photodetector formeasuring the transmitted intensity of the first laser beam through thesteam; a second photodetector for measuring the transmitted intensity ofthe second laser beam through the steam; and a computer processor for:normalizing the transmitted intensities of the first and second laserbeams through the steam; using Beer Lambert's law, determining a totalnumber of water vapor molecules in the path of the first laser beambased on the normalized transmitted intensity of the first laser beamthrough the steam; using Beer Lambert's law, determining a total numberof liquid water molecules in the path of the second laser beam based onthe normalized transmitted intensity of the second laser beam throughthe steam; determining specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquidwater phase in the steam using the total numbers of water vapor andliquid water molecules; and calculating quality of the steam based onthe specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquid water phase in thesteam.
 13. System as in claim 12 wherein the first laser is capable ofemitting a laser beam having a wavelength from 900 nm to 980 nm and thesecond laser is capable of emitting a laser beam having a wavelengthfrom 1300 nm to 2000 nm.
 14. System as in claim 12 wherein the firstlaser is capable of emitting a laser beam having a wavelength of 945 nmand the second laser is capable of emitting a laser beam having awavelength of 1560 nm.
 15. System as in claim 12 further comprising: afirst laser beam splitter for splitting the first laser beam into afirst part which passes through the steam and a second part which isdiverted along a path through ambient air outside of the chamber; asecond laser beam splitter for splitting the second laser beam into afirst part which passes through the steam and a second part which isdiverted along a path through ambient air outside of the chamber; athird photodetector for measuring the transmitted intensity of thesecond part of the first laser beam through the ambient air; and afourth photodetector for measuring the transmitted intensity of thesecond part of the second laser beam through the ambient air.
 16. Systemas in claim 15 further comprising a computer processor for: normalizingthe transmitted intensities of the first and second laser beams throughthe steam with respect to the measured transmitted intensity of thesecond part of the first laser beam through the ambient air and themeasured transmitted intensity of the second part of the second laserbeam through the ambient air, respectively; using Beer Lambert's law,determining a total number of water vapor molecules in the path of thefirst laser beam based on the normalized transmitted intensity of thefirst laser beam through the steam; using Beer Lambert's law,determining a total number of liquid water molecules in the path of thesecond laser beam using Beer Lambert's law based on the normalizedtransmitted intensity of the second laser beam through the steam;determining specific volumes of water vapor phase and liquid water phasein the steam using the total numbers of water vapor and liquid watermolecules; and calculating quality of the steam based on the specificvolumes of water vapor phase and liquid water phase in the steam. 17.System as in claim 15 further comprising an oscilloscope for determiningpeak absorption amplitude of the water vapor phase as the first part ofthe first laser beam passes through the steam, peak absorption amplitudeof the liquid water phase as the first part of the second laser beampasses through the steam, peak absorption amplitude of water vapor inthe ambient air as second part of the first laser beam passes throughthe ambient air to determine a reference peak absorption amplitude forwater vapor, and peak absorption amplitude of liquid water in theambient air as second part of the second laser beam passes through theambient air to determine a reference peak absorption amplitude forliquid water.
 18. System as in claim 12 wherein the first broadbandlaser is capable of emitting the first laser beam with a linewidth ofless than or equal to 5 nm and the second broadband laser is capable ofemitting the second laser beam with a linewidth of less than or equal to15 nm.
 19. System as in claim 12 wherein the first broadband laser iscapable of emitting the first laser beam with a linewidth of less thanor equal to 1 nm and the second broadband laser is capable of emittingthe second laser beam with a linewidth of less than or equal to 3 nm.20. System as in claim 12 wherein the first broadband laser is capableof emitting the first laser beam with a linewidth of less than or equalto 0.1 nm and the second broadband laser is capable of emitting thesecond laser beam with a linewidth of less than or equal to 0.5 nm. 21.System as in claim 12 wherein the chamber comprises glass windows fortransmission of the laser beam through the steam and the system furthercomprises a heater for heating the glass windows to reduce steamcondensation on the windows.
 22. System as in claim 21 wherein the glasswindows are high-transmission quartz glass windows.
 23. System as inclaim 12 wherein the first and second broadband lasers are coupled withoptic fibers for laser beam transmission and conditioning.
 24. A steamturbine comprising a system for measuring steam quality as in claim 12.